There is still much debate about the basic nature of the current energy transition, driven most notably by climate change and peak oil.^{Baccarat mạng5} Most of that debate focuses on the immediate future of the next few decades, though I think it is essential to first see these changes on a larger temporal scale of centuries if not millennia. I have set the scene by characterising the debate about the future as primarily one about whether energy available to human systems will rise or fall. These are outlined in the next section, Four Energy Futures.

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